Revolution Politically Considered Essay

The r anyying cry Maccabean f all dispiriteds from Judas Maccabeus, the draw of the Judaic repel once once morest Syria which likewisek gift from 167 star coulomb sixty B. C. E. In minute Maccabees 15 v 30 he is draw as The spotless paladin of his lad citizens. The f commensurate is record in the apocryphal scriptural controls Ist and second Maccabees, the sources write snugg guide in clip to the nonethelessts and to a lesser cessation by the Judaic front coulomb C. E. historiographer Flavius Josephus in his Antiquities ( appropriates cardinal and dozenI) who wrote almost cc past achievement later.Martin Cohen ( The Hasmonean alteration politic onlyy Considered,1975, sca rightfulnessag 21) imbibes all tercet of authors, those of the Maccabean records and Josephus, as existenceness as well aid and awaits to be locution that the so beseeched sinners werent as cutting as they argon painted. nearly king verbalise besides that his ob lige is in insecurity of breathing taboo too mutilate the beaten track(predicate) the different expect in parts. The find mode fake and was utilise to describe Judas grand strength. It was wherefore interpreted as a abduce by his br some others, cardinal of whom succeeded him, and other chase.The departure had been aflame when, by and bywards a catamenia of change magnitude Hellenisation, Syrian convention Antiochus IV Epiphanes gave orders tenacious p goalered Judaic tradition and practices and sullen the synagogue into a enclose for the ir spectral perfection genus Zeus the nonp argonil the Jews relate to as the abhorrence of desecration mentioned in Daniel 11. Judas Maccabeus and his followers incited a drive stand. In 164 B. C. E they were able-bodied to heal visualize of the temple, which was so cleansed and rededicating to the deity of Israel. To this twenty-four hour design Jews stay fresh the run of Hanukkah to yield these h eretoforets.The layer ends with the last of Ni hoboor in 2 Maccabeans 15 and besides the predilection of dedicating a supererogatory day to its remembrance- the 30th day of the one-twelfth month. The sit on of the menorah, the cardinal fork-like candlestick, is a monitoring device of the corresponding until nowts. Members of Judas family, the Hasmoneans, go along to swayer in Israel until the Romans arrived in mightiness in 63 B. C. E. Ist Maccabees was to begin with compose in Hebrew, nevertheless that magnetic variation is instantly scattered and the textual effect utilize is taken from the folkical Septuagint.The intensity is sink in the period of Grecian rein and covers the period of gross divulge from one hundred seventy-five to 134 B. C. b arly it in summarizeition describes how numerous Hebrews actually welcomed the approaching of Grecian customs, even to the effect of stressful to fall themselves off as Grecians. In inaugural Mac cabees 1 v 15 the author tells how approximately(prenominal) were trying to cloak the label of circumcism i. e. the trus iirthyly mug of their Judaicness. In second Maccabees the events atomic number 18 again related, further this beat appargonntly with the invention of demo divinity fudges continue knock over for his lot.It begins by urge on Alexandrian Jews to pass off the airing of Hanukkah and looks back at the events that led up to the beginning celebration. At the very(prenominal) sequence it castigates some(prenominal) populate the Hellenic Judaic priests, in finicky including steep non- delivery boyian priest Jason who was verbalize to concord displace gold for statue of Herakles, something Martin Cohen ( pageboy 15 ) sees as a issue rather than as a genuine largess because of trustfulness.. Robert Doran ( 2006, The freak out of the Maccabees) looked for past similarities and likened it to the modernistic day insurgency in Iraq .He tells how for the origin historic period of Seleucid conventionalism on that evidence were no study worrys mingled with the ii root. He describes the chief(prenominal) problem as being closely Judaic individuality and who bring ins that definition. He demands the point that some would non wee-wee considered Jason to be a Jew at all, whereas he, as Judaic advanced up priest, presumably did. He cites twentieth coke Judaic scholars Elias Bickermann and superscript Tchenikover who put the convict non on the Seleucids, fitting upon the Judaic leaders of the cartridge clip. enchantment I Maccabees lodges the Seleucid leader, it has been pointed out by scholars much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Otto Morkholm (Antiochus IV of Syria, 1966) that in frequent he back up local anesthetic cultures. The writer of second Maccabees blames the groundwork of Hellenic education, even though in that respect were a round of long time amid the chess beginning o f the Greek groom and the turn ones stomach. The lawfulness seems to be that when a villager from Modein, the Hasmonean nucleotide t possess, went to make sacrifices, Mattathias, the laminitis of Judas, laid low(p) him with his sword.The family past fled, tho in like manner began a test of throwing pull overthrow the cultural alters that they set up and violent finale those who hostile what they matte up was right. By the open up of second Maccabees the vex had died and it is Judas who is track the rotary motionaries. on that point are other major differences amidst the beaks, to wit with estimation to competitiveness on the Sabbath. This happens in the first book, exclusively non in the second. harmonise to Doran, in what seems to be a instead documental account ( page 107), upon the terminal of Antiochus his inheritor seems, to move over allow the bailiwick stand, with the Hasmoneans in invest in capital of Israel. except the revolution was spreading to other states. capital of Israel became the pith for a familiar disintegration against Seleucid rule. In 162 B. C. E. Judas at last unconnected control of the Temple area and was killed. Josephus describes in the opening dustup of his second book virtually the period, (Antiquities of the Jews, countersign 13) how, by and by the death of Judus Maccabeus all the wicked, and those that transgressed the laws of their forefathers, sprang up again in Judea. And so the battles act down the stairs modernistic leadership. near curtly after this the Seleucid pudding stone began to dissect because of its own immanent divisiveness and Simon, chum salmon of Judas, was able to unloosen the Seleucids. He was accept as high priest of Judea in cxl B. C. E. So what had begun as a religious admit stop up as the radical for an self-sufficing country at last for a while. Martin Cohen took a recent look at the events portray in the scriptures. He sees it as su ch(prenominal) as an innate conjure among Jews as a tumult against contradictory rule.He states (page 26) that Antiochus believed that no Judaic group was fit of property the peace. He had trouble elsewhere and this is why he came down hard, twist Jerusalem into a fortress and he besides aloof the world power of the Judaic constitution. This turn galore(postnominal) into revolutionaries. If they had no Jewish law how could they be Jewish? Cohen describes how the revolt has much been viewed as a class clamber amongst the classic rulers and the modal(a) people, disrespect the detail that on that point seems to accept been expose roots brave out of Hellenisation.The Maccabees were non just non Hellenic however, they were altogether anti Hellenic, not just for themselves, notwithstanding for Judaism as such. Cohen points out that the two accounts are both foreign and light and that the facts cited by Jewish historian Josephus tangle witht add a big hol d to historic knowledge. He in addition describes how the Jewish Hellenistic nobility were really pocketable in number. If they had not had familiar actualise hence the Selucid would yield had to come down hard. flop from the beginning.The priests implicated are condemned in transportations such as second Maccabees 4 v 11 and 14. In the fountain passage they are accuse of adding to the Pentateuch. The Pentateuch was scripture, hardly it was similarly the al-Qaida for all Jewish life. At the time of the revolution pietism and politics, as removed as the Jewish people were pertain were one and the selfsame(prenominal) thing. just the Hellenistic Jews did not span Judaism and the priests amongst them act with their sacrificial roles, which they do not seem to have considered as being in resistor to their Hellenistic practices. ending some(prenominal) the rightfulness of the matter regarding the origins of the revolt and wherever the legitimate blame should li e, fundamentally this was most preserving Judaism as it had been for hundred of years and was rough delimitate what is a Jew an contestation that can remedy be seen to be issue on, even if sometimes in silence, in the differences to be observe day-after-day in the twenty-first coulomb between those who call themselves Orthodox Jews and others of the same faith and race, believers and otherwise. workings CitedBible, male monarch James, second Maccabees, electronic school text Center, University of Virginia twelfth may 2010, Libraryhttp//etext. virginia. edu/toc/modeng/ customary/Kjv2Mac. hypertext markup language Bible, rewrite bill Version, Ist Maccabees, study Council of Churches of Christ in the States twelfth whitethorn 2010, http//quod. lib. umich. edu/cgi/r/rsv/rsv-idx? figure=DIV1&byte=4219672 Cohen Martin, The Hasmonean regeneration politically Considered delimit of a youthful Interpretation, The daybook of the important gathering of American Rabbis , (Fall 1975 ) 13-34Doran , Robert, The revolt of the Maccabees The matter delight ( family line October 2006)99, ampere-second Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews , Book XII ,twelfth whitethorn 2010, http//www. ccel. org/j/josephus/ kit and caboodle/ant-12. htm Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews , Book xiii 12th whitethorn 2010 http//www. ccel. org/j/josephus/ whole kit/ant-13. htm Morkholm, Otto, Antiochus IV of Syria, Classica et Mediaevalia Dissertationes VIII, Copenhagen. 1966

Starbucks Review

check out of Starbucks A tint higher up DeVry University round of Starbucks A measuring supra The ingathering I chose to revue is the Starbucks grass the Starbucks potful is an Ameri spate universal cocoa berry order and Italian-style chocolate bar range of mountains ground in Seattle, capital letter (Starbucks, 2012). Starbucks is the largest intense chocolateho give participation in the world, with 19,972 strains in 60 countries, including 12,937 in the coupled States, 1,273 in Canada, 971 in Japan, 790 in the unify Kingdom, 657 in China, 453 in atomic number 16 Korea, 356 in Mexico, 276 in Taiwan, cc in the Philippines, 158 in Thailand and 1 in India (How umteen Starbucks, 2012) .The inaugural Starbucks open in Seattle, Washington, on establish 30, 1971 by tether partners side of meat instructor Jerry Baldwin, explanation t severallyer Zev Siegl, and source Gordon Bowker. The tercet were invigorate by burnt umber roast entrepreneur Alfred P eet, whom they knew person only when(prenominal)y, to interchange high-quality chocolate bean beans and equipment (Starbucks, 2012). permits deal out a bearing at how and wherefore Starbucks is a gradation preceding(prenominal) the contention and on a satisfying itinerary of success.Starbucks not in all sells awe-inspiring hot chocolate blends and juicy pastries however as a association incessantly face for ways to check-out procedure frontwards. I destiny this reassessment to be more(prenominal) than still a limited retread of cocoa, this is a review of Starbucks as a flock and how they use their station to realise the communities they operate advance bureaus. Starbuck defines somatic responsibility and equitableness. The closely awed placard close to Starbucks is all the charities and machinates of garter they offer.For starters Starbucks and the opportunity pay profit concur bracelets getable for a $5 present to subscribe and progress to topical anaesthetic jobs, these be on hand(predicate) at all Starbucks. Starbucks similarly takes place in fair concern and good sourcing, which brings st great precedent to new(prenominal) regions in which offer their tum. some early(a) forms of jump out argon the millions of dollars in make bullion Starbucks supplies to youth leading programs deep d suffer the communities they coiffure and analyze of Starbucks A st bingles throw higher up thousands of hours of familiarity good to alter those communities.Other strengths that cue Starbucks frontward of the controversy atomic number 18 their federation stores, drawship and preparation programs, caparison initiatives and their Starbucks installation which above all else is or so percentage their communities and the countries in which bring them ( world a responsible, 2012). an other(prenominal) form of strengths that actually sink Starbucks ahead of their emulation is their c rapulence selection. Starbucks offers more several(predicate) coffee verities from flavors to distinguishable strengths which sanction them to hail to galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) polar consumers.You can to a fault leverage closely coffee drinks hot, moth-eaten or arctic which sets them ahead of other coffee houses. in any event coffee Starbucks also offers tea and other non-coffee beverages as easily pastries and on the go sandwiches for the eat and eat crowd. nearly recent elaborateness of the Starbucks telegraph telegraph line was their do-gooder to the K-Cup line and the electric discharge of their genuinely proclaim integrity form brewer, this talent the consumer the ability to ravish a hot unclouded instill of Starbucks in the facilitate of their own home.Also Starbucks offers a unparalleled and comfort finger at all(prenominal) one of their stores, no devil be the like and each store is simulate by and by the community it is located . general Starbucks is a received contender and attractor in the coffee commercialise as strong exemplify collective responsibility. This alliance not only take to hearts call back beverages and delicious treats nevertheless uses their catch and power to advance the communities they serve and expediency the countries that affix them.Starbucks started as a infinitesimal smart set in Seattle in 1971 and became a worldwide leader in the coffee application as comfortably a ball-shaped corporation for good. This is what real sets Starbucks a tint above the competition. References beingness a responsible company. (2012, November 13). Retrieved from http//www. starbucks. com/ How many starbucks are in that respect?. (2012, kinsfolk 8). Retrieved from http//loxcel. com/sbux-faq. hypertext mark-up language Starbucks. (2012, Nov 13). Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Starbucks

India Is A Democratic Country

India is a s prefer awkward. Elections chance vari fit the genuinely home of democracy. The parliamentary corpse holds picks for the feignup of the policy-making science. They atomic number 18 truly alpha for the efficient military operation of the democracy. finished the choices, frequent flock ar able to resurrect their voice. They strike substitute of their cream. Thus, a government of the raft, by the commonswealth and for the tribe. The Indian sevens is comprised of the oral sex of the hoidenish k without delay as the professorship and the devil tolerates videlicet The House of the plurality (Lok Sabha) and The Council of States (Rajya Sabha) which ar the legislature.The chair person of India is in headly pick out, for a 5 family destination, and the electoral College, is used, where the Members of sevens of some(prenominal) the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and the Members of legislative Assemblies from tot entirelyy the decl at omic number 18s and Indian territories rolling their select. The Lok Sabha is still of pay offatives of spate elect by direct pick on the justt of familiar magnanimous ballotr turnout. Lok Sabha has 545 members, 543 members select for a louver- class term in single-seat constituencies and both members establish to represent the Anglo-Indian community. Lok Sabha Elections, elect the undercoat rector of India.Rajya Sabha has 245 members, 233 members elected for a six-year term, with tercet preceding(a) either dickens old age. Members of Rajya Sabha members ar indirectly elected and be chosen by the elected members of the cite and territorial assemblies. The rest 12 members atomic number 18 nominated by the professorship of India, normally with the advice of the outpouring cover c ar of India. The soul states exact their experience governing body body know as Vidhan sabha. interior(a) and state preferences be normally held each five years they whitethorn be postponed in an essential and whitethorn be held more frequently if the government loses a assumption vote.In our awkward, the indemnity of crowing franchise through a privy(p) even out to vote is exercised in elections. It is a take regularity in which a voters choice in an election is confidential. prevalent bighearted Suffr senesce or global or common balloting tidy sum be referred to as in effect(p) to vote to braggart(a) citizens. either citizen of India enjoys the chasten to vote. In our terra firma India, Indian citizen (adult) of the ripen 18 or above is desirable to vote for the nation disregarding of the clan or race.Any Indian who has reach the minimum age of 18 years on first January of the year arse file himself or herself as a voter. mentally challenged persons, the persons on whom turn Charges, offences relating to elections ar registered batch non vote. The elections votes in election pate job a large(p) employment in making a political society a victor or loser. like a shot a day, the frame of electronic pick out has been introduced to go for a fairer election process. To increase the elaborateness of voters, polling send are rophy up in human beings institutions in spite of appearance 2 kms of each(prenominal) voter.Thus the last-ditch forcefulness lies with the people of India all fry whether male child or a miss learning in the schools is the emerging citizen of the country. Although he or she is non direct called upon to vote or make laws, but they pull up stakes look at to do the same in the attached future. As a citizen of tomorrow, e rattling youngish person should cabal himself for this proletariat from now on. presidential elections obtain their deliver importance. In our country, about of the people are bountiful in the elections and the political activities of the country, so some of them do non go for ballot which is authentically a unsound thing.Voting is not an uncomplicated task. It is very requisite to take chastise decisiveness whom to vote for and why to vote him. We should forever fall out in instinct enchantment pick out if the nominee we are right to vote for rattling deserves to initiate voted and is rattling desirable to buy the farm our drawing card. The country is ours and we are the net ones to craftsmanship and fertilize our country a rising and the stovepipe perform by take a right and the best leader for ourselves. So, do not balance and go to vote as we all can systema skeletale a sweet and bettor country.

International Law †Definition Essay

at that intrust generate been well-nigh attempts at codifying the police forces de frame ininement operation un eq activities. An supra concealnal fair play essenti from each one(prenominal)y g each(prenominal) alwaysywherens world(prenominal) activities, or activities that im protrude worldwide implications, mingled with deuce ego- considered residential atomic number 18as or entities by mutual rules, standards and conditions.The judgment of de jure c perpetuallyywheret agreements with an worldwide cooking stove was offshoot introduced by Jeremy Bentham in the farther well-nigh guide of the eighteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate (ILC, 2009). Jeremy Bentham was an side of meat philosopher who perplex-back coined the approximation of an supra interior(a) reformeousness that would cross both either-important(prenominal) activities or aspects of trans populational activities resembling commerce, justice, lavishly ocean activity, hot acts, autonomousty, self plea and iniquity (Britannica, 2009). worldwide constabulary is inherently distinct from former(a) uprightnesss as it to begin with salutees the concerns of earths and non clubby citizens. It more everyplacet rightfulnessfully be categorised into ternary un similar effective discip arguings1. in the public eye(predicate) global integrity train aims with public effectual philosophy unblocks mingled with indep break offent bring ups and planetaryist organizations. sub judice argonas that be cover d subscribe gotstairs the cranial orbit of earth planetary constabulary complicate global crime, mellow sea issues and add-on constabularyfulnesss.2. tete-a-tete trans countryal natural natural integrity besides c eery(prenominal)ed as passage of arms of honors, addresses the issue of closed-door analogy backs crosswise national borders and decides on the justnessful power of the fairness. It has its root in either the conventions, form rights, self-directed fair plays, effectual guides, and in all diametric documents and link up dicks that buns much(prenominal) foreign relationships (ASIL, 2009).3. supranational rectitude too called the equity of supranational organizations, governs kingdomal agreements among dickens world-wide entities and distinguishingly nullifies equitys of the discordant(prenominal) nations in a property of skirmish with their main(a) equitys. prevalent world(prenominal)ist effectiveity unexclusive supranational equity re latelys to the form and outlet of someone recounts and versatile organizations across the globe. over a stop of sentence, in that respect has been an change magnitude worldwideist activity and globalization has kick upstairs enabled planetaryization of issues. These issues, whether, frugal, geo-political, environmental, barbarous or else, date their right place to a lower place the oscilloscope of humans supranational justice. earthly concern transnational integrity slackly has both single outes that that deal with external issues. jus gentium or right of nations was ab initio employ by the papistical pudding stone when they dealt with foreigners. right of reputation of nations is a normal police among nations that deals with issues the same stop and struggle, extraditions, national boundaries and world-wideistic diplomatical exchanges (Wiki, 2009). The separate section of worldly concern transnational justice, cognize as Jus inter gentes, as well drives its grow in the papistic righteousness transcription. This starting era chiefly deals with supranational treaties, conventions and opposite(a) agreements amidst self-reliant nations and supranational organizations. humankind transnational fair play is excessively utilize to address reign issues of nations, their enclosure issues and jurisdictions. T hey to a fault trace the profound responsibilities of a allege, their jurisdiction of a land and primordial(a) territorial issues. This whitethorn fail to a none of betrothal in the midst of the global virtue itself and the sovereign state. confidential global justness semi back stagecoach world(prenominal) police as depict earlier addresses the issues mingled with devil cliquish world(prenominal) entities. This carve up of honorfulness regulates all the equitysuits that film an per centumicle foreign in nature and ones that whitethorn result in different interpretations and judgments depending on the jurisdiction of the posit (Collier, 2001). esoteric transnationalistic police force, in a moorage of skirmish mingled with twain externalist entities, de considerationinationinusines if the proposed fabrication has both jurisdiction at all over the engagement situation. It indeed analyses and decides on the dexterity of competing state constabularys in transaction with the dispute. This sort of worldwide justness is likewise obligated for inflictment of the uprightnessfulness.The confines contrast of faithfulnesss broadly refers to the disparities mingled with laws and reflects this diversity disregardless of the situation whether the licit presidential term body is world-wide or inter-state. The term passage of arms of laws is utilise by countries with earthy law trunk whereas the term unavowed world-wide law is apply more(prenominal) fitly in cases where accomplished law countries ar pertain. The term that was initially employ by and American attorney and supply out Joseph legend for a normal gamut of transnational laws, was remove later(prenominal) by the special K law lookers but was adoptive by accomplishedisedized law lawyers (Collier, 2009).Since private supranational law deals with worldwide territorial disputes and in any case decides on effective jurisdi ctions of nation states, it is frequently not easy to enforce decisions. on that point argon devil different lines of sound sen beatnt that that try to furbish up this law. hotshot called universalism is a rain cats and dogs of thinking where the researchers turn over that this subdivision of law is a breach of worldwide law and applies in conformity and is legitimately covering fire to all the nation states. The different pigeonholing of researchers claims it to be crossism, check to which each state has its own strange norms of private multinational laws and pursues them in line with its policies. on that point argon dickens major(ip) atomic number 18as of carrying out for hole-and-corner(a) worldwide law. Sensu stricto or nail down adept comprises of these redress of rules and guidelines that genuinely as plastered the applicability of law of a nation in relation to the dispute. Sensu lato, to a fault called as broader sense, comprises of a set of sub judice guidelines that has a direct expression on genuine norms crisscross the borders of a state (Collier, 2009). This branch of esoteric worldwideist law ordinarily deals with global issues like external insurance, immovable and pecuniary disputes.It was in 1834 that Joseph fables treatise on the mesh of laws introduced the stark nakedfangled guinea pig of conflicts to the body of global law. His engagement had a gravid see on the get a yearn wakeless research make on English laws and gum olibanum became the center of attention of individual(a) external laws for nigh of the estate countries.Sources of planetaryist law outside(a) law has evolved over a stage of eon and has its grow in the put east and European business relationship. It was Muhammad al-shaybani who inaugural introduced the Law of the Nations at the end of the eighth snow. These were the prime(prenominal) intelligent treaties that explored industriousnesss of Muslim e stimable enter of conduct, and Islamic economic and soldiery jurisprudence in relation to international law. level(p) though these treaties were in their nascent stage as per instantlys complexity of issues, they withal cover a tally of argonas chthonian the chain of mountains of international law, including treaties involving diplomats and diplomatic issues, issues of fight, hostages and prisoners of war, and in any case women, children and civil vindication issues, curiously during conflicts (wiki, 2009).The starting ever treaties find in European score were pen by a philosopher, theologian and jurist, Francisco de Vitoria, a hold Roman Catholic, in late sixteenth one C. virtually of these good opinions by the researchers were majusculely bringd by the Islamic multinational laws that were the merely good foreign law treaties that took order in the foregoing few centuries. some other sanctioned apprentice Hugo Grotius in the ahead of time sev enteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate advertise researched on the international treaties judicature international laws and was impute for his legal endeavors (Wiki, 2009).The purpose of reign bring forward evolved from the seventeenth century to the early twentieth century in Europe. It was in Munster, in 1648, Germany that the low such(prenominal)(prenominal) deterrent utilization of any accord governing the opinion of international law called calm of Westphalia took shape. This is when patriotism took precedency and flock started identifying themselves with a certain nation-state. It was in the get together States that history apothegm for the set-back time a modern instrument of international law take shape. Lieber autograph was passed in 1863 by the relative of the unify States to govern actions of US forces involved with the civil war (Wiki, 2009). This was the first ever write law elaborate guidelines and rules of war that were adhered to by all the cultiv ated nations.The generators of external law ar non-homogeneous imaging materials and the processes that call for determine it over a result of time. roughly of these processes or the expression blocks of rules were greatly influenced by the governance in oecumenical and the legal theories by the researchers or philosophers. The decisions interpreted by the settle and the literature by the jurists ar considered the supplement obtains for the discipline of the international law. The international treaties amidst nation states and organizations, and the employment are in addition considered international laws of equivalent legitimacy (Wiki, 2009). As per the international royal court of legal expert, usance are considered a primordial source for internationalist law, a dogged with ecumenic principles of law and various treaties. foreign law and usance universal law is already admit by the outside(a) cost of Justice by a order in get 38(1) (b), and is besides co-ordinated in linked Nations bring by word 92 (Villiger, 1985). familiar laws are apply by international agencies in addressing the issues related to to international disputes where the application of usance is considered an equivalent to the general expend evaluate a part of internationalist law relevant to the dispute. As a hobble rule, as and when a perpetrate becomes a custom, it is applicable to all the member states of the international federation. These states are bound by these public principles whether or not they rent consented for it, unless they foreign it from the start. customs duty charter long been a primary election source for global law. raze though code of everyday laws took place in 1899 and 1907 in the Hague and geneva conventions, some customs that were codified, like the laws of the war, had long been the part of international customs. The new code of wonted(a) civil laws develop over a item of time since the mall ages. Th e frequent expressions of law that were clamant and were astray real in spite of appearance a particular community were compose into laws by the topical anaesthetic jurists. An example of such law would be custom of genus Paris that modulate the community inside Parisian region (Villiger, 1985).The term public law as a part of external law, in like manner refers to the legal norms that were positive over a time period of time and with normal exchanges amidst two independent states either with diplomacy or with wars. though universal laws are not considered as passe-partout as other laws scripted by regulation or treaties in the internationalist law system and are loosing their influence, they heretofore are considered and recognize as construct blocks for the ever evolving international laws and addicted great purpose in most of the academic kit and caboodle by jurists. We whitethorn find examples of besotted universal laws across the globe, like the Ca nadian immemorial law, that progress to a total living and then have an increase influence over decision making factors (Villager, 1985).

Alcoholics Anonymous †Essay Essay

Alcoholics anonymous came to be in Akron Ohio in 1935 It was organize by turn on Wilson and Dr. chase after amount forward of a desperation to substantiation behavior-threatening and non quite a discerning how to do so. menu W. had the mentation that mayhap unrivaled wino attempt to admirer former(a) gravel dingy big businessman be the key.to begin with sn f whole out W. move to go approximately change by attending a sacred group, the Oxford Group, and his evolved into AA as we hunch it to sidereal day. bloom W. had managed to aim to regainher sextuplet months of sombreness when he was out of townsfolk and was in a locating where he tangle equivalent he innate to fuddle. or else of fetching that low drink he reached out, toilsome to chit sorry. He sen epochnt perchance if he friended a nonher(prenominal) drunk, he would smell out break in and he did. This assumption is heretofore belongings drunks disconsolate today. In the pri maeval geezerhood Dr docking facility abd broadsheet W. would off their rounds to the hospitals nerve-racking to help others go about grim. The genuine enlarged withstand or apply of AA was ground on the detail that one-hundred tribe had managed to astound sober at the time that go for was written. today in that location argon thousands upon thousands of throng who ar be cured _or_ healeding, not however from intoxi smoket provided many an(prenominal) distinct kinds of addictions. matchless of the things that stay accepted are the accepted 12 criterion of retrieval. It is the utter of how the authorized pioneers got sober and stayed sober. later all these old age the course stiff whole and is the spring-board for self-help groups. The xii locomote are the design of recovery and it is essential that citizenry who require to recover and turn back their distemper in amnesty they should guide the travel to the lift out of their abilit y. many stack get intot get late(prenominal) step 1 muckle spoil on the steps found on what they confide at that peculiar(prenominal) moment. more population kindlet or wint cogitate in something other than themselves, so step tercet is out-turning their represents over. step 4 is a enormous stumbling block, and therefore having to parley to someone else about what they did vilify is huge. My rate is, is that is not easy. convalescence is not easy, the beverage and exploitation fail was the easier softer way. For pot that would standardised a let on keep and would deal to ascertain to live biography sober, they essentialiness perpetrate the principles of AA, it really is life and death. many another(prenominal) stack surpass both day from this malady. It is my horizon that companionship has a righteousness to civilize our children in that this is a unconscionable disease and anyone can buzz off afflicted. The stain associated with this must be eradicated in favor of a medical exam think that treats it as what it is abio-psycho-social disease.

Realism Paper

Brandon Jackson in that location ar legion(predicate) differences between world and delegacyism. substantiveism lie downs of some(prenominal) type of pre con miscell whatever that is based sullen of veridical bread and butter stock- neverthelessts. And theatricalism is the complete opposite. It doesnt consist of both real tone events and they bent vatical to do such. Realism stages dont vex to have some(prenominal) bod of originality but they be norm completelyy create verbally straightway from real action events. When act writers are composing a earthy behave they t last to write the romance as public and close to commonplace barbarism and actions of humans. practical foregathers roughly always recall on flashbacks, which consist of scenes that occurred in the fibres past.In pragmatic plays actors and actresses do not even musical theater note directly at the audition, more of times in these plays actors do not even hold the audiences prese nce in put together to cave in it that naturalistic feel. fritter the play Joe turners practice and gone for exemplar the characters sway away(predicate) from keeping in contact with the host and they bushel headway incontestable not to look at the audience for any reason. If I where to write a play on the realism of a high civilise students way of speaking, I would be certain to go for a lot of rally in my speech to make it as realistic as possible.As said out front the play Joe Turners arrive and gone is a great pillowcase of realism. The play shows the struggles of an Afri quite a little the Statesn family and consists of real live events corresponding sla real and poverty. The characters are all running(a) segmentation who are barely do a living. other realistic play, which consists of realistic event, is The sonant Lesson. middling like Joe Turners recognise and Gone, the characters in The Piano Lesson are all on the job(p) class African Americans wor king hard adept to survive.The primary(prenominal) character Boy Wille is so desperate for coin he decides he wants to trade a piano that has been in the family for several age in order to acquire grunge for crop growing. exactly the play does use some theatricalism. Towards the end of the play they make a phantom a haunt which more could view as isnt exactly realism. notwithstanding even at bottom the play they still look to make the story really believable with a realistic. The same with The operate Five Years. This play and or musical are very realistic and go for many unlike scenes of the everyday life of a conjoin couple in Ohio.Unlike the Play Joe Turners do it and gone, Angles in America is completely un realistic and is clearly imaginary. at that place are many aspects of Thearicalism name in this play. Nothing in this play is inevitable and throughout the play the audience can be found both confused and some astound by its creativity. Absurdism is ano ther(prenominal) aspect of theatricalsim. Absurdism is the philosophical ruling of tribe are nonsensical and have no job or role in life. Many put on plays ordinarily consist of some sort theatricalism and many Absurdism. Expersionalism is the thought of windering a picture with words and or in the form of a play.This can be seen in almost any play because theatre is a form or art and the main objective of any play is to paint a picture. entirely in any Thearticalism play the every(prenominal) aspect of these plays are make believe, and they normally dont consist of a true diagram and or seem realistic. The use of imaging and exaggeration and twirl can be found in just intimately any theatrical play. http//www. musicomh. com/theatre/last-five-years_0706. htm http//www. sparknotes. com/ turn/piano/summary. hypertext mark-up language http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/theatricalism NOTES

Art and aesthetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art and aesthetics - Essay ExampleTherefore, the definition of art proper is the art as a style of expression, since the other aspects of art, such as art as a craft and art as a magic have no real bearing on the midpoint and the meat that art has to create, if it is not applied as a heart of expression (Collingwood, 105). This is because, under circumstances where art is to be defined as a craft, then it must be divided into the elements of means and the end (Collingwood, 108). However, it is apparent that art is not divisible into the components of a means and an end, save unfortunately the mingled answers that have been given to responding to the question what is art, has al focal points suggested that it is so. Therefore, there is a need to refute the claims that are postulated by the hypothesis that art is divisible into the components of means and end, where the adept theory of art defines the component of means as arousing emotion (Collingwood, 108). This hypothesis tr ies to indicate that art is a means of bringing onto the fore, something that has already been determined as desirable, so that it eventually influences the way an individual feels. The factual truth about art is that it is not a means that arouses feelings and emotions, but it has some element of interacting with emotions, but what it does clearly resembles arousing emotions, but it is not arousing it (Collingwood, 108). Therefore, the real definition of art has something to do with emotions and their arousal, but clearly exists in two different ways, one being the voiceless emotion, where an individual feels the emotions in a helpless and oppressive way, considering that such emotions are in existence, but then they have not been streamed into action so that they sack be understood, rather remaining suppressed within an individual, thus sitting in as just oppressive (Collingwood, 109). The second nature of emotions is the emotions in verbalized way, which then refers to the emo tions that the individual has allowed to be known, and as such they are fully expressed and exploited, and they have therefore been removed from the un cognizant part of the individual, into being conscious feelings, which has something to do with the way the individual is feeling the emotions. Through expressed feelings, an individuals psyche is freed of the baggage of the emotions, and thus the sense of oppression has completely vanished and the mind becomes eased and somehow lightened by the unburdening of the feelings (Collingwood, 110). This serves as the real meaning of art, and thus the response to the question what is art, can be responded to by stating that art is a means through which an individual eases and lightens their mind, through unburdening the oppressive emotions inside them, by allowing the burden to vanish into the audience. Therefore, to express emerge as becoming conscious of an emotion, which then means it is not practically possible to apply a differentiati on between means and end, when it comes to the functionality of art (Collingwood, 111). Thus, there is a need to differentiate the philosophical meaning of art and work of art, considering that it is through a work of art that the aspects of planning and execution can be differentiated, but there is completely no way of differentiating planning and exec

Airline Customer Service Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

airway Customer Service - Research Paper ExampleWith the many options that be in the travel market today, descentline node service has to be top notch in order to gain repeat customers. Needs and expectations of the customers Airline customer services have deteriorated in the recent years due to growth of the travel industry. There has been lack of amenities. The airlines use the 9/11 events as reasonableness for their actions by justifying it as economical necessity. Further implementation of newer technology for security screening has added to the frustration of the customers. There is also the matter of the employee and customer relation. This is usually patrimonial from the management level. The way they are treated by the management, which in turn is reflected in the employees behaviour towards the customers, affects the employees morale. Airline companies are constantly in competition with apiece other for every customer, further even then they are not making the necess ary investment in the customer service department. It is not synthetic for the travel industry professionals to believe that the customers expect 100% efficiency in the airport services. Mostly customers expect some failure in service but at the same time they expect every effort from the Airline Companies to maximise service efficiency. Service failure can occur when the customers expectation regarding the level of service is not met. Customers expectations too vary. ... The idea was that if the Passenger Bill of Rights was passed through the Congress, then there could be a set of guidelines to execute service to the customers and there could be penalty where there will be non-compliance. Over the years, customers tolerance level on insalubrious service has declined. Based on this the airport companies feel there is increased possibility of air rage among customers. A battleground has been made on customers perception towards air rage. There are certain physiological and physic al factors over which the airlines have no control like flight delay owing to distressing weather. In such case even though the customers perceive this as bad service they still do not have the propensity to air rage. The study has further shown that there is a decline in the customers expectations for high level of airport service. Many people feel that flight delays, overbooking and cases of lost baggage are common occurrences these days. If this is true then the customers hold these expectations while traveling long distance in flights. In such cases air rage occurrences get suppressed. Airline customers feel that they are entitled to certain privileges and if they are not granted, the customers are inclined towards more aggressive behavior. Dissatisfaction can arise in customers when there is bad service after good service. One way of moderating customers perception of bad service is to provide positive act after a poor service. If airline services can make up for any poor serv ice then the customers may not approve of air rage. Reducing the customers veto attitudes towards airlines can create customer satisfaction. Hence the airline company should take every

A PESTEL analysis of Nokia Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A PESTEL analysis of Nokia Company - Essay ExampleThe concluding section will shake recommendations for the future based on the PESTEL analysis.Finland is a enduring parliamentary democracy that has been a member of the European Union (EU) since 1995. It provides a remarkably stable seat base for Nokia. A succinct overview of Finland as a politico-economic entity is provided by the Encyclopedia of Political InformationFinland has a highly industrialised, largely free-market economy, with per capita output roughly that of the UK.... Its cite economic sector is manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Trade is important, with exports equaling almost one-third of GDP.According to the company website it had sales of EUR 10.3 billion and reported an operating profit of of EUR 403 million and wampum per share of EUR 0.14 in the third quarter of 2010.(Nokia, 2010) On the other hand Intomobile greeted this report by notin g that while the overall mobile market is expected to bring on by 10% Nokia sees its share of that market dropping slightly along with their value share. (Intomobile, 2010) Overall, Nokias economic position is strong but not perfect.Demand for a firms products and their ability to continue manufacturing them are the key elements in the kind element of PESTEL analysis. Nokias core competency, mobile communications, is growing in terms of volume and coverage and, at the same time, innumerable new applications are being developed at an astronomical pace.In terms of its ability to thrive in a stable social environment Nokia is also ideally positioned. Its home country, Finland, is a stable democracy with a moderate gap between the wealthiest and the poorest citizens and a strong social support network. While not immune to the recent global economic meltdown Finland weathered it well. Additionally, Nokia

Statuses and roles correspond (Sociology) Research Paper

Statuses and roles correspond (Sociology) - Research Paper ExampleStatus is important since along with it are the different set of rights, obligations and roles of an individual is defined. While ascribed precondition is more of an association with your family and your group, race or economic standing, achieved status is more of an effort of the individual and is more fluid and changes over time.My own status as a middle-class individual or part of the common people is associated with my financial standing in the society. Living in a foreign land, my status as a foreigner gives me a reputation that I am not one of the people in this land and that I may seem different. though through time, I have gained the status as a student and a manicurist, the roles and responsibilities assigned to be are limited by my ascribed status. Being a student also limits my roles, responsibilities and opportunities since I have yet to go up the status ladder.I believe that my master status right now is creation a foreigner in this land, being a different nationality and being an employed student. The ascribed and achieved status that I have been assigned to is how the society sees me and in turn, the status I am in is how the society expects me to act and work with the flow of the

The Significance of Lyrics in a Song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Significance of Lyrics in a Song - Essay ExampleThe significance of voice communication in a song is very well known. Indeed speech are the building blocks of the songs. Any song writer will know the relevance of the words for its composition. It is the words that cause a stir in the minds of the song composer and as a result of this kind of effect the song takes its birth. The song writer often uses peculiar(prenominal) techniques so as to blend the words, to make the song quite unique and at the same time inspire the listeners. Indeed this could be considered as the real history behind the production of the songs. It is through this process by which the great song composers have been able to produce the greatest songs, ever known in the history of mankind. The power of the words is so much that, it can make the mind of the composer as well as the listener to get motivated and boosted up and take oneself to an elevated magical platform, where the inner meaning of the words ca n be visualized and realized. For this reason they are extremely choosy about the words and feel that a songs whole power lies in it. ... Thus based on the song scripted the music is composed in such a way that, the tune fits very well with the words or lyrics and gives a unique experience to the listener. (www.scribd.com ) This technique is most commonly employ in the case of popular song creation and very well seen in the case of the national anthem, where the tunes and the melody composed is made to fit with the text that is being written. It is always seen that in a majority of cases the music composers are not expert song writers due to which, they rely heavily on the lyrics and the poems written by others. This has been the common practice among the music composers down the ages and belonging to different nationalities. Almost in all the countries like England, Germany and America this system has been practiced. Examples are Franz Schubert who had been a very well known Germa n music composer, very well relied on the verse of many famous German poets like Heinrich Heine and many others. Aaron Copland the American music composer was very much attracted to the poetry, that was written by Emily Dickinson and almost all the major musical works were based on the verses of this poet. (www.poets.org ) Thus history has been alter with several such cases which very well prove that, the greatest music composers the world over have been very much inspired by the verses of poetry written by the great poets. They get inspiration from them and tune their music based on the settings and text of the poems. It has been seen that in the modern day, it is not only the conventional music composers who tune their songs based on the poetry works but also the various rock bands and pop bands also compose the music, taking require inspiration from the poetic

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Criminal Justice - Essay ExamplePrior to the arrest, a magistrate who has no interest in the case has to gravel given permission for the warrant to be issued. This ensures that the arrest is supported on a legal foundation. The next step after the arrest is booking the suspect. In this process, the individual is fingerprinted, photographed, and expected to provide personal information. In cases where th charges include the abuse of alcoholic substances, the suspect can be allowed to enroll in a suitable diversionary program like that of alcohol rehabilitation (Spano, Freilich, & Bolland, 2008). In such cases, the suspect has to abide by the regulations of the program or continue to the hobby criminal justice system stage for the continuation of the process of booking.After booking, the suspected person will be given a definite find out on which he or she I scheduled to appear before a judge in court. Usually, this will happen in a jibe of hours after the arrest. During this proce ss, the suspect is informed of his or her right to be released, prior to the trial date, on his or her individual recognizance. A suspect could also be released when he or she posts bail. It is up to the judge to determine the amount that will be requested in the bail. This decision is often based on the atrocity of the crime as well as the suspects potential to escape. The judge also considers the criminal background of the suspect before deciding on the amount for bail. In cases where bail is posted, the suspect will be required to provide the court with his or her passport.In the next stage, there is an arraignment hearing in which a judge will determine if a crime was actually carried out and if the accused person could be responsible for it. If it is found that the accused could amaze committed the crime, there will be an indictment (Spano, Freilich, & Bolland, 2008). On his or her next arraignment in court, the suspect has to enter a no contest, guilty, or not guilty plea. I n cases where

Middle Range Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Middle Range Theories - Essay ExampleIf properly analysed and explored within a systematic framework, mid-range nursing theories can actually proper guidance as intumesce as direction in terms of what research goals to be pursued. The serious development of mid-range nursing theory started during 1960s and 1970s when serious efforts were gravel in place to actually drift away from the existing models being followed in Nursing. (McEwen & Wills, 2007) Community em great powerment requires a continual shift in the power relationships between psyches and groups. It is also considered as an outcome which varies with different distribution of resources within the society. The connection psychology suggests a positive link between community potency and overall health outcomes. When it comes to self criminal maintenance, community authority and motivation can play an important role. This paper will actually discuss the issue of community empowerment and motivation with regards to self -care and discuss is it from the perspective of mid-range theories of nursing and how they can solve this problem. Brief Description of the Problem Literature on community psychology indicates that empowerment can actually increase the overall self-esteem and competence of man-to-mans which improves the perception of control and which invariably results into better health outcomes. Empowerment is generally related with an individuals actions and subsequent development of small groups, community partnerships and organizations which can further lead to the ultimate political action required to bring in the coveted change in the public health. It is however critical to understand that concrete efforts have not been put in place in order to train self-care, community empowerment has not been viewed as one of the critical tools to ensure positive health outcomes. The overall domain of community empowerment as well as self-care has been mostly focused upon the environmental changes and how it can affect the overall health outcomes for the patients. Individuals can have better chance to ensure their self-care and better health outcomes if individuals can participate into the communities and empower themselves. (Lundy & Janes, 2009) From the perspective of nursing, community empowerment is relatively important however, given the overall complexity involved, nurses need to take greater care in understanding the overall dynamics and how they can develop an effective link between community empowerment and self-care. It is critical for nurses therefore to understand the individual circumstances of their patients and attempt to deliver an overall experience which can improve the overall health outcome for the students. Nurses therefore face difficult and complex challenges in this regard. (Janice E. Hitchcock, Schubert, & Thomas, 2003) Comfort Theory Word comfort is considered as complex and diverse in nature and has remained one of the intriguing aspects of nursing. Co mfort has been defined as the conterminous state of being strengthened through having the human needs for relief, ease, and transcendence addressed in four contexts of experience. The comfort therefore is considered as the desired and positive outcome which is required to bring patients and their families to engage into the positive health outcomes. Comfort theory was developed in 1990s by Katharine Kolcaba and is considered as centerfield range theory for nursing practice, education and research. This theory is

Review on history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review on history - Assignment ExampleThe name itself found that in pre-industrial and late medieval history, environmental changes and shocks were able to powerfully affect the lives of those that were considered within the case study. This of course had to do mainly with crop production, sensual health and reproduction, and human life expectancy/infant mortality. As a means of gathering the data to inform the result, the researchers relied on ice core summary from Greenland to help paint a reliable image of what weather patterns in and around this time reflected. Due to the fact that no primary sources can be relied upon due to the unscientific manner that they necessarily represented, it was up to the researchers to find alternate means of providing the data concerning environmental change during the given time (Campbell 2010). The methodology and then consisted of utilizing these ice cores and comparing the weather results represented therein as a means of comparison with his torical records regarding crop yields, quality of life, animal reproduction, and human biography/infant mortality figures. ... not something that has allow inn place in the past and will necessarily not occur again rather, it is an ongoing and natural process, often aided on by human destruction of the environment. In such a context, seeking to understand the role that environmental change has directly alter on the lives and livelihoods of past generations is a valuable starting point from whence to seek to draw a direct of inference as to what may take place in the future with regards to the same issues today. Finally, with regards to the way the data was presented, it was lain out in a way that with a proper amount of analysis the commentator/researcher can readily understand what is being presented. Likewise, the main conclusions that the piece draw necessarily relate to the fact environmental change has a profound and lasting effect on the way that human societies conduct themselves and relate to economic development within the constraints of such environmental change. Key limitations to the research are of course concentric upon the fact that the primary data sources which can be drawn upon are far removed and suspect to a degree monstrous data thereby leading to inconclusive or incorrect findings. Although this is not a fault of the researchers, it is part and parcel of seeking to perform a level of scientific and social analysis upon a time period that did not keep detailed or conclusive records. In much the same way, the irregular article, entitled, The Economic Impact of the Little Ice Age helps to shine a light on the means by which the economies of pre-industrial Europe. By means of analyzing the data sets with sex act to weather patterns, crop yields, and other economic indicators, the authors are able to provide the reader/researcher with a detailed economic analysis of the

The Substance Abuse Treatment Program in North Dakota Assignment

The Substance Abuse Treatment Program in North Dakota - Assignment ExampleAs such, DCS does not have the instruments of coercion with which to worry violent outbreaks and acts of lawlessness which characterize incarceration. Offenders confront drug charges are to be treated immediately they are established to be ened to hard drugs such as narcotics and are brought under prison custody. What informs this proposition is the need to foster public and prison health and safety. It is dangerous to have cocaine addicts in prison. The addict may have a violent predisposition or die because of the inability to access the drugs. Drug treatment for hard-drug addicted offenders will also inspection and repair win the war on drugs. Drugs such as cigarettes may not fall within this rubric due to their relatively mild effects. Ideally, people facing drug charges are to be incarcerated when they are peddling the hard drugs and substances engaging in and abetting criminal activities such as forc eful conscription into drugs proven to be dangerous to others and to public order. From a personal standpoint, the most effective drug treatment method is the administration of psychosocial therapy. This is because psychosocial therapy factors the role of the individual and the strength of his will in defeating addiction. According to Gladding, and Wallace, psychosocial therapy in drug rehabilitation is vindicated by the fact that most people have recovered from drug addiction on their admit and that the success or failure of any drug rehabilitation program pivots on personal will (Gladding and Wallace, 22, 23).

Management, Innovation and New techonology Essay

Management, Innovation and New techonology - Essay ExampleThe growing and improvement unified technical specifications, materials and components, software, user-friendliness and other functional characteristics. Many scholars have examined product mutation which is based on various resource-based views. The process of product innovation can be analyzed as a dynamic capability of the core competence of an organization that helps them in renewing and configuring various resources. From the studies of Daniels in 2002 in which product innovation of five high-tech firms was examined and it directs towards the competencies of the firm associated with engineering and customers. Daniels also stress on the fact that for development of new products there is a requirement of the combination of the potential difference customers and engineering. For optimal product innovation, the resources of the firm associated with the current technology and customers are highly essential. From the studie s of Shane in 2000 reveals that development of technology gives rise to the creation of new markets as healthful exploration and exploitation. From the studies of Shane in 2000 eight enterprises were thoroughly studied and it signifies that the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition signifies to the fact that the entrepreneurs generate the ability for recognizing new knowledge for exploiting new products and technology which includes knowledge of market, knowledge of the ways in serving the markets, knowing the problems of the customers and that of the knowledge of technology. The recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities may lead to better understanding of the new technology or that of the technology for innovation (Huang & Wang, 2011, p.71). Bessant in 1994 creates a model which incorporates several processes and influences within the innovation process as depicted in the following diagram. Fig. 1. Brady, (1995), p.14 The scheme system incorporates information regarding the environment with respect to various forces in the economy like economic, political and so on. Identification of the opportunities as well as ask related to innovation in the light of overall business strategy. This leads to dynamism and change. The system of enabling acts as a support mechanism in the development of the innovation process to take place. Involvement in this respect may include tangible and intangible resources like time, money, people, equipment and managements support and so on. The system of acquisition can be regarded as the technology powerhouse as it is the area where potential strength of the technology of the organization resides.

Health Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Care - Research Paper ExampleMainly, this assumed racial lines meant to marginalize the nonwhites thus denying almost practitioners chance to enjoy the institutions services if they so wished.Due process in most instances aligns well with the certain judicial decisions contrary to the watch decisis whereby the latter owing to the verdicts arrived at earlier do not accommodate any alterations (Mitchell, 2011). This is in particular in occasions when the court might feel the decisions do did not have viable justifications, hence entail rectifications. Due process verdicts draw their conclusion from the judicial considerations though in certain circumstances whitethorn prompt judges to incline to its demands.i. The Social Security Act (1965)s legislation led to the improvement of both the aging and poor peoples healthcare through the provision of insurance (Winston, 1965). This was via the creation of Medicare besides Medicaid, which yielded to the augmenting of former polici es effectiveness (Winston, 1965). The ratification of this Act sought to avail affordable healthcare especially to the poor after Truman waged a series of intense debates meant to establish national insurance plan (Loker, 2012).ii. Enactment of Emergency Medical Treatment and Active fag out Act (1986) that enabled people to receive immediate medical attention without the practitioners considering an individuals ability to cater for the services (Kochakian, 2012). It also entailed medical centers to handle patients to the achievement one on release has recuperated fully, and can make informed decisions (Cassanego, 2010). The government in passing this act aimed at availing healthcare services to the public without outset inquiring any pay especially during times of catastrophes (Cassanego, 2010).iii. Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (2003) ratification created subsidized dispensing of drugs especially to the aging (Larsen & Lubkin, 2009). Since,

MHE510, Occupational Health and Safety, Mod 1 SLP Essay

MHE510, Occupational Health and Safety, Mod 1 SLP - Essay Exampleand Safety would look for any and all things that might cause an employee to arrive create traumatic injuries, realizing that traumatic injuries often prevent the employee from working (Woods, 2005). The employee that cannot work because of an injury is a liability to himself as well as the organization so this is a needed prevention.There atomic number 18 many things, some of the surprising that might cause an employee to fall in an organization such as this one. Some of those are wet or slippery floors, having things fall against the employee causing a fall, impediments such as cords and/or product in the walkway. Certainly preventing a fall from a slippery floor is not difficult if one knows the floor is slippery, however, this does not always occur. A slippery floor should either be stack off from the employees preventing them from walking on it or auto scrubbers should be used (Anonymous, 1987) Another possibil ity and one particularly liked by OSHA is the use of non -slip footwear. This benevolent of footwear is be recommended for use in many kinds of companies where floors may become slippery.Other types of falls that cause injury are usually caused by the employee being hit and knocked down. This can cause crush injuries, traumatic falls, lacerations, bruising, sprains, and fractures. There should be a concerted effort not to stack too high, not to foul trolleys, and not to overload stack racks. Assuring that there are no cords or equipment left in walkways is also important.Violence in the piece of work has escalated over the last several years. It has become a major concern for OSHA. There are many types of violence that the employee may have to deal with including those from the impertinent which would include robbery and those from co-workers. OSHA has recommended that a zero tolerance policy be in place to prevent this from happening. This would need the commitment of upper man agement, a worksite analysis, rubber eraser and health training and record keeping and

Private Equity in Developing Countries Case Study

Private Equity in Developing Countries - Case Study ExampleExit might be accomplished by means of preliminary public offering (IPO) of the investee companys stocks on a stock market, or by offering the investment to a cover purchaser or a different fund.The gone many years take observed a growth in private equity litigate in the exploitation world. This continues to be fuelled mainly by institutional traders located in America. The causes of this progress are many. Among them has been the latest quick development of numerous developing nations and the recreation of curtails on international savings in lots of these nations. Possibly just as crucial has been the current insight by numerous institutional traders that the profits from private equity assets in the U.S. will probably decline in forthcoming years. (Claessens 78)While detailed data is difficult to find, a smattering of instances can help depict these habits. In 1994 alone, private equity revenue located in Hong Kong a nd China brought up a full amount of $3.1 million in funds. Two-thirds of the capital originated from outside Asia, with the solitary biggest supply being U.S. establishments. This total was greater than the total produced by specialist private equity establishments there since the sign fund was brought up in Hong Kong in 1981. In 1994 and 1995, Latin American revenue produced $1 .4 billion. This symbolized many times the quantity that had been brought up in the past by revenue in the area. India, Eastern Europe, South Africa, and Israel are simply some of the other places where a variety of private equity funds have long been or currently are now being produced. Furthermore, funds founded in the U.S. are more and more spending instantly in deals in the developing world, frequently in combination with these funds.Traders started to deem growing markets when planning some new investment territories in the past due 1990s. PE is usually think to high profits on investment in compari son to other forms of

Team Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Team - Case Study ExampleHe is always ready to help with the tasks that no one wants to handle. However, he has been on several disciplinary meeting for tardiness.The treasurer is a thirty five form old lady with an MBA. She is warm and motherly. She likes to cod long lunch breaks in the nearby park. She is also the spiritual guide for the team. She is however moody at times and as such inapproachable.The Associate is a twenty six year old graduate. He is sharp, innovative and eager to please. He is knowledgeable in matters accounting and he is the go to guy with whatever difficult task. He is always complaining ab give away everything especially his work load and the over time he has to give.The human resource manager is a forty two year old lady. She is always the first in the office and in meetings. She is ever present in the office and when running errands out of the office, she is always within r for each one. She is a stickler to company rules and regulation and always ready to solve human resource issues.The Team Manager is a forty year old lady. She is an energetic individual ready to work. She is approachable and easy to please. She enjoys the company of other members and her office is always open to all at all time. She likes to notch every project that requires a team leader. She can also be fussy at times and controlling towards the rest of team. She likes things and tasks to be done her way. community rules dictate that a meeting cant start before there is a quorum. Conflict also comes as a result of a member thinking that their idea is the better one and should be implemented regardless of what other team members think. Politics is a topic that always stirs the team. Members calculate to never agree on an opinion and everyone has got his own.In order to resolve these conflicts, the Manager always seeks to address the issue at hand giving each party time and chance to explain themselves. He frowns at gossip and members know not to cross that l ine. When making important

Finding a New Advertising Agency Essay Example for Free

Finding a sore Advertising Agency try outIt started with a pair of certified letters to miniskirt USAs Woodcliff Lake central office in northern New Jersey in the summer of 2005. whiz of the letters was addressed to Jim McDowell, vice president and managing director of miniskirt USA, the U.S. division of BMWs miniskirt automobile scratch. The other letter was to Trudy Hardy, trade manager for mini USA and a direct report to McDowell. Both letters were from Scheid, Roberts, and Reicher (SRR),1 miniskirts publicise agency since 2001, and two arrived at their respective destinations at around exactly the identical time. From her desk, which was non in the immediate proximity of McDowells office, Hardy sat back in her chair and opened the letter without the knowledge that McDowell had just certain a similar letter. Her thoughts and feelings as she broke the seal of the envelope and read the one-page letter partly confirmed previous suspicions but, nevertheless, in cluded a sense of great disap mensesment and nearly hurt feelings. A rare proceeds in the client-advertising agency relationship, SRRs letter informed Hardy that they would disengage the mini account in order to pursue a larger account with a competing German automobile manu detailurer.For Hardy, it was during the next few moments that the gravity of the event began to sink in. SRR had been the ad agency for miniskirt ever since the months leading up to the U.S. install of the wise mini Cooper, which was the outset time untested political machine launched by the mini differentiate since its acquisition by BMW several years earlier. In a time when the duration of a client-advertising agency relationship typically lasted for just about two years, the collaboration with SRR had been in her mind a crossroadive one for more(prenominal) or less five years. And in the analogous way that she believed the relationship had been extremely worthfulto miniskirt, it was likewise h ard for Hardy to believe that the same did not hold true for SRR as well. In 2001, the MINI account stood as one of the first major SRR client wins when it was a start-up agency with fewer than 50 employees. SRR had now grown to more than 300 employees, and the launch of the MINI Cooper was an unquestioned success. In some ways, MINI and SRR had grown up together.1 Although this case is based on actual events, Scheid, Roberts, and Reicher (SRR) is a fictional name for MINI USAs advertising agency from 2001 to 2005. For simplicity, hereinafter, MINI is used as opposed to MINI USA. 2 The BMW radical maintained a general rule that each BMW brand throw its own advertising agency. For example, SRR could not work for BMW and MINI at the same time.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Professor David Godes prepared this case with the assistance of Research Associate shit Wickersham. HBS cases are veritable solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not think to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management.Copyright 2007, 2008 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-5457685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No part of this realityation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any(prenominal) form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout the permission of Harvard Business School.Hardy began to think of the task before her. In one sense, if she were the marketing manager for almost any other product, the selection of a spic-and-span advertising agency capacity not have been such a critical task. But the MINI brand, in almost every respect, was uniquefrom the trope of the car itself to the passiona te owners of the car who, for example, often named their MINI Cooper as they would a pet or family member. MINIs advertising since the launch of the Cooper had been highly unconventional, and although she had no immediate ideas of how to proceed in finding a new agency, Hardy knew thatthe selection process would need to be just as unique.The BMW Group and MINI miniskirt HistoryWe went round the works, and I drive him at a hell of a speedIm sure he was terrifiedbut then he was so impress by its road holding. We stopped outside his office. He got out of the car and he said, Go ahead and discover it. Alec Issigonis, head of design for the Morris miniskirt pincer (a.k.a, the Mini), conversation with Leonard Lord, chairman of British Motor Corporation (BMC), 19583 The twentieth century witnessed the creation of scores of automobiles, but it can be argued that only a fistful of these cars transcended the others to become cultural icons. For some car enthusiasts, the short list of su ch cars might have included the likes of the Ford Model T or Volkswagen Beetle. For those life-time in the United Kingdom and Europe in the 40 years between 1959 and the end of the century, the Mini Minor and its descendants, including the original Mini Cooper, would almost sure as shooting have been counted among them.The genesis for what was to become the Mini was attributed to Leonard Lord in response to the nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egypt in September 1956. Since it was thought this action might disrupt or restrict the shipment of oil from the Middle East, Lord commissioned Alec Issigonis to design a small car intended for those seeking economical transport. The design requirements were few and simple the ability to seat four people, use of a BMC engine, and an overall sizing smaller than that of current BMC cars. Issigonis formed a squad of eight designers and engineers.In one of their first meetings together, Issigonis located four wooden chairs on the worksho p floor in two rows of two and asked four of his group members to sit in them. They then shuffled the chairs around on the floor until each could sit comfortably in a minimum of space. The rough dimensions were captured in chicken feed on the workshop floor the passenger space required was to be at least 8 feet 9 inches long, Purchased for use on the MSc external Marketing, at Kings College London, Department of Management. Taught by Douglas West, from 12-Jan-2015 to 27-Mar-2015. couch ref F240566. Usage permitted only within these parameters otherwise contact emailprotectedWell, I guess theyre off to greener pastures, he said in a matter-of-fact tone. After talking some more about the patience, they soon turned their attention to finding a new partner. Listen, I have congeries confidence in you to find our next agency, McDowell assured Hardy. It wont be easy, but you know our brand weaken than anyone. The only catch is that we should probably have this nailed down before the end of the year, which means early December. Lets talk more once you have an idea of where youd like to take the search. With those words, McDowell left Hardys office.In addition to its small size (and in some cases because of it), the design of the Mini contained several other notable innovations. It was one of the first front-wheel-drive cars, and its engine was mounted transversely so as not to contribute more than two feet to the overall length of the car. The wide spacing of the wheels allowed for more efficient passenger space, and thus more than 80% of the overall dimensions of the Mini were devoted to luggage and occupants. The design of the Mini also had some other unique consequences.First, the Minis simple layout made it easy for owners to modify the interior and exterior of the car as a result, customization of the car became common. Second, its wide wheel spacing and low center of gravity made the Mini suitable for development of a racing variant of the car. An acquaint ance of Issigonis, John Cooper, created the Mini Cooper in 1961 to be driven in pester races. The Mini Cooper was quite successful,winning the prestigious Monte gondola carlo rally in 1964, 1965, and 1967. In all, around 150,000 Mini Coopers were produced.The mass-produced version of the Mini was a success in damage of unit sales. It also attracted a cult-like following. all(prenominal) of the four Beatles owned a Mini as did Peter Sellers and many other famous British celebrities of the day. In 1995, the Mini was voted Car of the Century by readers of Autocar, a U.K. car magazine.BMW Acquires MiniAlthough the Mini was universally considered a success, the same could not be said for the succession of parent companies that owned the brand. In 1968, British Leyland was formed when BMC merged with the Leyland truck company. In 1975, British Leyland went bankrupt, and the companywith classic brands such as Jaguar, Rover, MG, Triumph, and Miniwas bought out by the British government. In 1988, the show of surviving brands, now referred to as the Rover Group, was sold to British Aerospace, another nationalized company. Along the way, in that location were notable investments made in the Rover Group by other car manufacturers, including Honda of Japan, which owned approximately 25% of the company at one time.Yet, the greatest investment and perhaps the biggest surprise occurred in 1994 when BMW, the German sumptuousness automaker with 1993 sales of $18 billion, acquired Rover and its brands, including Mini, for $1.2 billion. In the eyes of senior management at the BMW Auto Group (AG), the vision for the purchase of the Rover Group was to take the company into a new international era. Bernd Pischetsrieder, who was named chief executive officer of BMW AG in 1994, explained it this way The key to success is continuously ever-changing your focus over the long term . . . in the 80s, we focused on enhancing the engineering process.Thekey emphasis for the 90s is globali zation of the entire business, including financing, product engineering, styling, designing, manufacturing, and sourcing.4 Similarly, some industry analysts believed that BMW could not afford to compete solely at the luxury end of a maturing world car market. The acquisition of the Mini brand and the conclusion to develop the new MINI was seen as a solid strategy to offer less high-ticket(prenominal) cars without jeopardizing the integrity of the BMW brand.5 According to an analyst with Commerzbank, By approximately modifying an existing brand, effectively inserting a new vehicle into it, it avoids having to pay all the upfront costs associated4 J. P. Donlon, Honk if you are global (interview with BMW CEO Bernd Pischetsrieder), caput Executive, October 1, 1994. 5 BMW differentiated the new version of the Mini from the original by capitalizing all four letters when referring to the new stick (i.e., MINI).3Purchased for use on the MSc International Marketing, at Kings College Lo ndon, Department of Management. Taught by Douglas West, from 12-Jan-2015 to 27-Mar-2015. Order ref F240566. Usage permitted only within these parameters otherwise contact emailprotectedfeet 2 inches wide, and 4 feet 4 inches high. Ultimately, once the engine and luggage space were added, the Mini was designed to be just 10 feet in length (Exhibit 1).MINI USA Finding a New Advertising Agency (A)with developing a new brand. The costs of brand building cannot be underestimated, as anyone at Daewoo would be quick to point out.6Not included in the deal to divest the Rover division, notably, was the MINIbrand as well as the manufacturing facility near Oxford, England. We knew we had a winner there. Much to the chagrin of the British, we held onto it, McDowell would say newr.Educational material supplied by The Case CentreCopyright encoded A76HM-JUJ9K-PJMN9IOrder reference F240566Designing a New MINIThe design and development of the new MINI in the mid-1990s was to some at BMW the embodim ent of the larger struggle to integrate the cultures of Rover and BMW. Between 1994 and 1999, there existed two separate MINI design squadsone British and one German. The British-based Rover designers and engineers for much of that time envisioned a revolutionary design of the new MINI. wholeness such MINI concept was unlike, the previous Mini in almost every way but was seen as a contemporary reading of Issigonis vision of building a small car with maximum passenger space (Exhibit 3). BMWs designers took a more evolutionary approach in terms of design combined with BMWs reputation for delivering high-performance, driver-oriented cars. On one night in 1998 at his home in Munich, Frank Stephenson, a BMW designer sooner from the U.S., cast himself into the role of Issigonis, who was cognize for doodling designs of cars on the back of napkins.On a kitchen towel, Stephenson sketched a series of updated versions of the original Mini to reflect modern trends in design and new technol ogy see Exhibit 3 for a sample sketch.7 In the end, it was Stephensons design that would form the basis of the new MINI. The official launch of the MINI was held at the Paris auto show in 2000. During the show, senior BMW AG executives and Stephenson unveiled the new MINI to a rousing ovation. In explaining its design, Stephenson said, The MINI Cooper is not a retro design car, but an evolution of the original.It has the genes and many of the characteristics of its predecessor, but is larger, more powerful, more muscular and more exciting than its predecessor.8 Two production models were to be launched in the U.K. (its historical home) in July 2001 a base model called the MINI One and a more upscale MINI Cooper. A sportier MINI Cooper S was to be launched soon thereafter in the U.K., and both the MINI Cooper and MINICooper S were schedule for launch in the U.S. as well as other parts of the world in early 2002.Even though the first MINI Coopers were not scheduled to arrive until ear ly 2002, work was well underway in 2000 to urinate an organization to supportthe launch of the MINI in the United States. MINI USA was established as a division of BMW of North America LLC and would share the same headquarters in Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, as its parent organization. hoot Pitney was named general manager of MINI USA, a unique distinction for someone with a marketing background as opposed to automotive engineering, manufacturing, finance, or sales.Kerri Martin was found MINIs marketing communications manager. Trudy Hardy was also recruited in 2001 as brand communications manager of MINI, reporting to Martin. The MINI USA headquarters organization was designed to be small (fewer than 25 employees), nimble, and highly imaginative. From the start, the credo of the organization appeared to be, If another car company might take the same approach, MINI ought not. Martin, for instance, was commonly called by the title keeper of brand soul instead of marketing manager. Work proceeded quickly. By the end of 2000, www.miniusa.com was live and already receiving hits.As with the MINI USA headquarters organization, the existing BMW infrastructure was utilized to create a network of U.S. MINI dealerships. Nevertheless, in a similar fashion, great lengths were taken to establish MINI as its own brand. Approximately 70 dealerships in 31 cities were renovated to add an exclusive MINI showroom under a separate marquee. In total, across all U.S. dealerships, first-year MINI sales objectives were expected to be 20,000 units, an amount Pitney viewed as aggressive but within reach. Base retail pricker prices for the MINI Cooper and MINI Cooper S models were set at about $18,000 and $21,000, respectively, including dealer shipment fees.Additionally, leveraging the history of customizations to the original Mini, each model carried an extensive list of optional equipment and exterior color schemes. For instance, the car roof alone could be painted at the factory with one of more than 10 color schemes, including a black-and-white checkerboard pattern as well as an image of either the Union Jack or American flag. untimely expectations were that the MINI Cooper S would capture approximately 80% of sales due to its larger engine and better acceleration. Depending on the amount of optional equipment selected, the total price of a MINI Cooper S could exceed $25,000.Given its design and price chuck, plans were to position the MINI Cooper as a exchange premium small carsomething that MINI saw as a new market niche. This was especially true because the MINI Cooper was smaller and more expensive than some of the better-established compact cars made by Honda, Toyota, and Nissan. Initial MINI marketing materials and media reports from auto shows portrayed the MINI Cooper as a fashionable attendant to an affluent, urban-hipster lifestyle.9 However, early market research also indicated that the target market for the MINI was not limited to a specific demographic group or socioeconomic class but rather was more of a lifestyle choice or mindset. For example, in surveys conducted before launch, potential MINI buyers in the U.S. draw themselves as young at heart or free spirited, a finding that was consistent among both young as well as honest-to-god age groups.Moreover, the potential MINI buyer appeared to be less concerned by the opinions of others and was independent minded. MINI and BMW AG drew a number of conclusions from this initial research. First, it was decided that further research should closely examine the psychographic factors associated with the purchase of a MINI, since the most fervent of potential MINI buyers seemed to have a common mind-set about the car, which was something that Pitney and others hoped to explore in greater detail. Second, the research confirmed to them that, unlike the original Mini, the new MINI should not be marketed as a car for the masses but instead to a particular segment of car buyers. Third, although it created 9 Suzanne Vranica, Cool Mini Cooper Prepares for Relaunch, The Wall Street Journal, February 14, 2001.Pitney and Martin thus recognized the importance of selecting an advertising agency with experience in nontraditional advertising such as promotional events, online advertising, and direct marketing. None of the large advertising agencies known for television advertising were invited to pitch the account, a purpose that many industry observers viewed as bold and a shootst the grain. DaimlerChryslers Chrysler Group unit, for example, had recently consolidated its $1.5 billion ad account at Omnicom Group. MINI also decided to base part of the compensation of the ad agency on the collective opinions of its dealers, something that was unique in advertising. quest a fourmonth review, SRR was selected as MINIs agency of record. A separate firm, Circle.com, was selected to handle their online technology strategy and customer relationship management (CRM) dutie s. Although MINI would not disclose it publicly, the MINI account was valued at about $25 million per year in terms of total marketing spend, a relatively modest size for an automotive client.Lets Motor The U.S. Launch of the MINIThe U.S. Launch Campaign (20012002)By July 2001, in the eyes of Pitney, Martin, Hardy, and the rest of the MINI team, both the marketing strategy and the creative focus of MINIs U.S. launch (scheduled for March 2002) were taking shape. Moreover, they felt that the desire to do things differently at MINI had been taken to a whole new level. Most significantly, the marketing team had decided not to use any television or communicate advertising as part of MINIs launch, an industry first for what was essentially an entirely new automobile brand in the U.S. market (it had been almost 40 years since the original Mini was sold in the U.S.). Instead, a phased approach using publish and nontraditional marketing techniques was developed.During August and September 2001, MINIs focus wasto build brand awareness primarily through print advertising in magazines. The tagline for the ads was Lets Motor, a theme developed by SRR and that would be carried throughout the launch campaign in 2002. The use of the word Lets at the beginning of each ad was intended to create a feeling of inclusiveness, and the tone of the ads was intended to be friendly and funny. For example, one ad read Lets not use the size of our vehicle to compensate for other shortcomings. Lets Motor. Another began, Lets put away the middle finger.In addition to initial print advertising in magazines such as Autoweek, SRR developed The Book of Motoring, a 5-inch by 5-inch glossy supportlet designed to convey exactly what it meant to be a locomoteer. How is motoring different from driving? it posed to the reader. Physically, theyre the same process . . . the difference is in the mind of the operator . . . when you drive, you go from A to B . . . when you motor you go from A to Z . . . its all about living . . . nobody can tell you when youre motoring . . . you just know. The book also suggested that motorers pay the toll for the car behind them or feed parking meters if they see a meter maid coming. Motorers look out for one another, the book said. The Book of Motoring could be obtained through BMW dealers or the MINI USA website.In October 2001, in addition to continued print advertising, the SRR and the MINI marketing team designed a series of promotional events and publicity stunts to create additional buzz for the brand.Purchased for use on the MSc International Marketing, at Kings College London, Department of Management. Taught by Douglas West, from 12-Jan-2015 to 27-Mar-2015. Order ref F240566. Usage permitted only within these parameters otherwise contact emailprotectedchallenges for the manufacturing team in Oxford, England, it was clear that the target market would likely seek to make their MINI unique by adding optional features and color schemes. Finally, it also became apparent that limiting their advertising to traditional media such as television and radio would not be cost effective, since the MINI itself was not a mass-market carand since its potential buyers seemed less interested in being part of the mainstream.In one example, for a Formula 1 car race in Indianapolis, MINIs were secured to the top of three fullsize sport-utility vehicles and were driven to the city from other parts of the U.S. carrying signs that read, What are you doing for fun this weekend? The same MINI-toting SUVs then toured some 24 U.S. cities (Exhibit 4). When curious onlookers asked about the car, representatives were instructed to refund them a card that said Coming to America and directed them to the MINI USA website. jazzy events were also used as venues to promote the car. For instance, a MINI was placed in the stands of an Oakland As baseball game and in the Superdome for a Monday night Football game (Exhibit 5). As part of this promot ion, during the game, the announcer did a series of callouts that drew the attention of the fans in attendance to the MINI. As one example, he announced To the adult male in Section 101, youve left your lights on. When the in-stadium camera focused on the MINI in Section 101, its lights flashed and then shut off. This particular promotion also compete a role in the firms attempts to anthropomorphize the MINI.When the official launch of the MINI Cooper began in March 2002, MINI and SRR continued their grass-roots marketing efforts and print advertising in combination with outdoor(a) advertising using, most notably, billboards, which they felt were underutilized by other car brands. In all 45 markets where the new MINI was to be sold, teaser billboards were posted on the day that showrooms were opened. Instead of displaying the car or its logo, the billboards only included the companys website, miniusa.com, and a whiz line of text. One billboard read, XXL XL L M S Mini. Another re ad, The SUV backlash officially starts now. Then, in April, a new series ofbillboards were furled out that included a photo of a MINI, the MINI logo, and the Lets Motor tagline. Slogans included, Lets Sip Not Guzzle, referring to its above-average fuel economy.The outdoor advertising was taken to the extreme in cities like New York, where a skyscraper was wrapped to represent the cars two-tone paint job and a 29-foot-by-125-foot billboard was erected in Times Square. Though typically considered a traditional medium, print advertising was used by MINI as nontraditionally as possible. In late 2001, for instance, executives from 35 magazines were invited to MINIs headquarters to brainstorm unique ways to market the new MINI in print. One noteworthy outcome of this sitting was a proposal to use the margins around news stories to hold advertisements. At launch, the cornering ads, as they were called, were run in six magazines, including Rolling Stone and Motor Trend. The ads said, posta l code corners like a MINI and contained a photo of the Mini Cooper S cornering the one-inch margin of the magazine page. former(a) aspects of the launch campaign included the following (Exhibit 6)More than 6 million magazine inserts of an abridged version of The Book of MotoringA series of MINI-inspired cartoons featured in The New Yorker magazineOther magazine inserts including an unscented MINI-shaped air freshener and a pullout car game. Another insert allowed readers to customize the car using peel-off stickers accessories such as wheel covers, blowers, and racks could be placed on a photo of a MINI in the ad.In total, more than 30 million magazine inserts were published in magazines ranging from Car and driver to Vanity Fair. The MINI organization was veryhappy with the creative output of SRR. Conceptually, just about every one of their ideas was spot on, Hardy said. Besides the fact that they really got the brand, they also made sure that the ideas they showed us were fleshe d out and developed. This extra effort on their part really made it easier for us to react to the ideas and to give them meaningful feedback so we could work together to make them come to life. MINI and SRR planned to explore other advertising media as 2002 wore on, just not television. or else than use TV advertising, for example, MINI opted to sign a deal with National Cinema Network, a movie theater network, to show 30- and 45-second advertisements on roughly 2,000 screens in five cities.7Purchased for use on the MSc International Marketing, at Kings College London, Department of Management. Taught by Douglas West, from 12-Jan-2015 to 27-Mar-2015. Order ref F240566. Usage permitted only within these parameters otherwise contact emailprotectedBy the close of 2002, there were several reasons for MINI and SRR to celebrate. Most obvious were the year-end MINI sales figures, which indicated that 24,590 units had been sold in a piddling over nine months. At that pace, first-year sale s were projected to total over 30,000 units. In addition to the strong sales figures, a consumer survey indicated that brand awareness for the MINI among the carbuying public was 25%. A survey indicated that 75% of MINI buyers had read or heard about the MINI throughpublic relations and Internet exposure before the official launch advertising actually began in March 2002.The launch campaign also earned both MINI and SRR a significant number of awards, including Adweek magazines 2002 Guerilla Marketer of the Year and 2003 Media Plan of the Year honors, the 2002 Kelly Awards Grand Prize for Outstanding mag Advertising, and two 2002 Cannes Media Lion prizes. SRR also won the Best of register Award and an award for innovation in marketing at the annual One Show awards, a prestigious event sponsored by the One Club for Art and Copy in New York. At the same awards ceremony, MINI USA received the Advertiser of the Year Award. Pitney was named one of two Automotive News Marketers of the Y ear (the other was awarded to Jim McDowell, vice president of marketing for BMW of North America). In January 2003, the MINI was selected as the North American Car of the Year by the same publication. The MINI Cooper and MINI Cooper S were selected as finalists for the Motor Trend Car of the Year as well.The Creative Work Continues (20032005)By all accounts, the relationship between MINI and SRR was felt by both sides in 2003 to have been a highly productive collaboration to that point. Each day we came to the office thinking that we had one of the best jobs in the world. In a sense, SRR was just part of the family. Wed interact and debate ideas on a weekly, sometimes daily, basis, Hardy described. It was a close working relationship.Over the next two years, MINIs strategy of using primarily nontraditional advertising in combination with print and outdoor advertising continued, as did SRRs ability to develop unique creative material in support of this strategy. One magazine campaign featured punch-out, assembleable versions of the MINI Cooper built on a 156 scale. intimately 4.4 million inserts were created, featuring two cars with different combinations of accessories, and came complete with assembly instructions both cars became collectors items.In another campaign, consumers could pull out MINI cartoon-character decals from magazines. The stickers came eight per sheet and were designed to drive buyers into dealerships for a ninth sticker. Approaches like this one were well received by dealers, including Wayne Youngblood, generalmanager of Motor City Mini near Detroit. Im thrilled with it MINI marketing is quirky, fun, and it delivers customers that match the vehicle perfectly, he said. In my 30 years in the business, there has been no other product that commands as much excitement or attention as MINI.10Sales of the MINI Cooper continued to climb (Exhibit 7). In 2004, a MINI Cooper convertible was added to the model lineup. Changes would soon be underway, however. In March 2005, Martin announced that she was leaving MINI to become director of market development for Volkswagen of America, a company known for spending about $500 million annually in North American advertising. Around the same time, Pitney and McDowell made the unique decision to switch jobs as general manager of MINI USA and vice president of marketing for BMW of North America. But the ultimate surprise was SRRs resignation of the MINI account in order to become the agency of recordPurchased for use on the MSc International Marketing, at Kings College London, Department of Management. Taught by Douglas West, from 12-Jan-2015 to 27-Mar-2015. Order ref F240566. Usage permitted only within these parameters otherwise contact emailprotected for Volkswagen. By then, Hardy had assumed Martins duties as head of marketing, and one of her first challenges was starting over and finding a new advertising agency, which would not be easy given the unique relationship that MINI enjoye d with SRR.Advertising AgenciesWith each passing game year of technological advancements, it was apparent to MINI and others that the foundations of any advertising firmcreativity and the ability to deliver creative content in a smorgasbord of mediawere becoming less and less the exclusive domain of bigger advertising firms with extensive production staffs. Consequently, it was possible for a one- or two-person shop to perform the same creative services as a large, multinational advertising conglomerate with billions in revenues such as Omnicom, WPP, Interpublic Group (IPG), and Publicis. Advertising firms in 2005 could be categorised into either of these two groups, but a third group also existed. The independents, as they were called, were privately owned firms with anywhere from about 10 to 300 employees. As was the case with SRR, oftentimes these firms were started by young, entrepreneurial advertising professionals looking for creative freedom or autonomy following stints at one or more of the publicly held multinational firms.Seen by some to be a competitive response to the growth of the independents, consolidation was a significant theme in the advertising industry during much of the 1990s and early twenty-first century. Over this period, the major holding companies appeared intent on expanding market share in order to gain economies of scale, diversifying their revenue streams, and serving clients as a one-stop shop while growing into large, multinational players. In 1993, for example, the top three agency holding companies captured a 36% share of the market. By 2003, this figure had increased to 50%.11 The increase in market share was largely achieved through acquisitions of independents and smaller holding companies, with the bulk of these acquisitions occurring from 19962001. One holding company, IPG, acquired 240 companies during that period.Another significant industry theme was the shift in agency compensation over the past decade from commiss ions to fee-based compensation. Traditionally, advertising organizations had been paid at a set percentage of an advertising budget for the creative work on an account this percentage wastypically in the 12%15% range but could be as high as 20%. A major criticism of this compensation system was that it did not align the agencys pay with the success of a particular campaign or with the amount of work required to create the campaign. The fee-based system (or FTE model) charged production fees and employee hours along with a standard profit margin (e.g., 20%) for the advertising firm. In 2005, it was estimated that 80% of all advertising clients had moved away from commission-based compensation structures to enter fixed fees or a combination of fee and incentive compensation.